Tragedy of Commons

Summary

Global cooperation on green house gas emissions are established avoiding rising temperatures. However, growing population and industrialization made resource issues more serious. China and India have become economic powerhouses with huge demands on resources. Varying resources and national interests causes global leaders to struggle with making international regulations in order to consume resources sustainably. By the 2020s, some natural resources started to deplete, and countries stockpiled their resources locally. Increases in resource prices affected all product prices, and least developing countries could not follow this movement. Thus, countries reserving natural resources have prospered on one hand, and the gap between rich and poor countries has widened on the other hand. The inability of nations to negotiate on sustainability issues beyond climate change creates friction and leads some nations to war.

Description

2010

World leaders including China, Russia, and India started working on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to mitigate climate change in 2010. The Copenhagen Protocol of December 2009 and following meetings were successful in deciding new targets of green house gas reduction and methods to achieve this target. Adoption of reduction rules was universal by 2013. These rules imposed limits of green house gas emissions throughout the manufacturing processes on companies and financial incentives were adopted to popularize green technologies such as electric vehicles and renewable energies. Although people still made purchase decisions based on the price of products, they increased the consumption of eco-friendly products because local regulations barred cheap eco-unfriendly products from markets while financial incentives compensated the price gap. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, it was expected in 2010 that the temperature would increase by approximately 0.2 degree Celsius for every decades by 2030. Global cooperation succeeded in getting the earth on the track of the normal climate cycle. However, people’s active consumption brought up another problem, scarcity of resources. China continued securing resources in the developing nations such as Nigeria. By consulting on infrastructure projects, China created deals to become a leading customer to the natural resources of the nation. Stakeholders in these deals begin to question China as they were deemed as the only beneficiary.

2020

China and India become one of the wealthier countries in the world and industrialization in these countries accelerated global consumption of resources. Reserves of nonrenewable resources such as oil and metals declined rapidly and consumption of renewable resources exceeded the speed of replacement. Depletion of resources became a more serious problem than before, and their price soared. Although prevention of global warming and technological development contributed to increased supply of resources, demand increased further. Countries which had natural resources came to have stronger political power. As developed nations and these countries with natural resources vie for power conflicts arise. Nigeria is able to leverage its deals with China to build its infrastructure and become less dependent on China. China protests Nigeria’s independence and demands compensation for efforts and services delivered. These disagreements lead to incidents of attacks on Chinese individuals working in Nigeria. Developed countries, which relied on import of resources, enhanced the recycling of metals and utilization of bio-fuels. High material prices continued to undermine developed nations industries. Increasing price of commodities fatally hit the economy in the least developed countries which could not secure natural resources domestically.

2030

Although everyone recognized the high possibility of depletion and following effects, global leaders could not reach an agreement easily. Taking the example of tuna fishing in the Mediterranean, some countries, which were making a business out of fishery, disagreed with volume control. Interests were different for each country and resource, and regulations had to take into account this issue. Negotiations gradually showed positive results, but the delay of the decision made the problem worse. Some of resources had almost depleted when new regulations were finally adopted. Under this situation, leaders became more sensitive with keeping resources in their countries, and imposed local regulations. For example, some countries decided to limit fishing and cracked down on illegal fishery. Seizer of fishing boats, which were illegally operating over the border, increased the tension among countries. Some countries made a dam which prevented countries in downstream from pulling water, and caused new conflicts. Rebellions caused by high food prices emerged in poorly developed countries. World experienced some terrible conflicts due to resource problems by 2030, and global leaders started to reach agreement in order to avoid further conflicts.

Common characteristics

Lifestyle and Business

People were still consuming at high rates. Eco-friendly products became more popular due to governments’ incentive and regulations.

Cooperation

The agreement in terms of new GHG emission target and relating regulations was great achievement. However, negotiation among countries gradually became more and more complicated. Unlike in the past, international negotiations had to involve countries which were not the member of G7. Leaders still advocated their opinion considering their own countries’ benefit. Thus some key international negotiations about natural resource collapsed.

Environment

Due to the global cooperation, we avoided 2 degrees Celsius of global warming which was expected in 2010. This stopped desertification and deforestation as well. However, growing population and industrialization accelerated global consumption of resources. Actually, several natural resources has almost depleted.

Key Uncertainty

A key uncertainty is the level of cooperation governments will have. Traditionally countries seek self interest and national goals. If nations can see the benefit of working together then the ability to establish international frameworks on sustainability are possible.

Time Line