Increased Pollution in China

Description:

China is currently suffering from a number of poor environmental conditions including air pollution, acid rain, loss of agricultural land, forest deficiency, poor water quality, water scarcity, ocean coastline pollution, and loss in biodiversity. For example three out of four city dwellers live below China’s air-quality standard. Acid rain fell on a quarter of its cities for more than 60% of rainy days per year in the 1990s and now affects a quarter of China’s area, making it among the world’s most severely affected countries. Water quality in most Chinese rivers and groundwater sources is poor and declining. About 75% of lakes are polluted. The percentage of industrial waste water treated has been increasing, but only 20% of domestic waste water is treated, compared with 80% in the developed world. Almost all coastal seas are polluted, mainly by pollutants from the land, plus oil spills and other marine activities. These environmental problems have been caused by explosive economic growth, an increase the number of households, increased urbanization, increased affluence and consumption, failure to execute environmental policy, lack of public awareness and prioritization of economic growth over sustainability.[1]

Potentially more important then the aforementioned environmental impacts is a further consequence of what China's continued economic growth and subsequent increase in consumption means for the rest of the world. China currently has the world's largest population. Total production or consumption is the product of population size times per capita production or consumption rate. China’s total production and consumption are already high, because of its huge population, despite its per capita rates still being very low. But China is rapidly becoming a developed-world economy. If China’s per capita consumption rates do reach such levels, and even if populations, production and consumption rates everywhere else remained unchanged, those rate increases alone would translate into a 94% increase in total world production or consumption in industrial metals, and a 106% increase in the case of oil. In other words, China’s achievement of developed-world consumption standards will approximately double the world’s human resource use and environmental impact. This is why China’s environmental problems are the world’s.[1]

Enablers:

• Increased economic growth: China’s real GDP is estimated to have grown at about 9 percent in 2008, while the country has registered average growth of 10 percent between 2000 and 2008. [2] This growth has fueled prodigious consumption of energy, including its own abundant supplies of coal, and, increasingly imported oil and natural gas. China is a large consumer of fertilizer and pesticides. The consumption of these industrial and agricultural products leads to air, water and land pollution and other forms of environmental damage. With increasing affluence, China’s per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs increased four-, four- and eightfold, respectively, between 1978 and 2002. This means more agricultural wastes, animal droppings, fish droppings, fish food and fertilizer for aquaculture, tending to increase terrestrial and aquatic pollution. Additionally, China’s transportation network and number of vehicles have grown explosively. [1] In short, China's explosive growth has been a leading driving factor in its environmental degradation.
• Increase in the number of households: The number of households in China has grown almost three times as fast as its population during 1985-2000. The average household has decreased from 4.5 to 3.5 people and because smaller households consume more resources per person, China’s rapid increase in household number and reduction in household size have had significant environmental consequences.[1]
• Increased urbanization:China is becoming more urban. From 1952 to 2003, the country's proportionate urban population tripled from 13% to 39%.[1] Increase urbanization indicates increased new construction and development of new homes which in turn means increased consumption of building materials.
• Failure to execute environmental policy: China has developed numerous environmental laws and policies, but most of them are just on paper. Moreover, many environmental laws and regulations were written largely piecemeal, lack effective implementation and evaluation of long-term consequences, and need a systems approach. In addition, environmental protection agencies lack sufficient authority, financial resources and manpower.[3]
• Use of out-dated, polluting technologies: Many technologies in China are outdated, inefficient and highly polluting. [3]
• Lack of public awareness and environmental education: Public environmental awareness is low, in part because China’s investment in education is less than half that of developed countries as a proportion of gross national production.[1] Low public awareness and environmental education mean that people are not aware of the extent of polluting activities and how increased consumption is harming the environment.
• Prioritization of economic growth over sustainability: In China, when there are conflicts between environmental protection and economic development, the former often loses to the latter. Economic performance often overshadows environmental protection as a criterion for selection and promotion of government officials.[1] Most people think that environmental protection harms economic growth and do not recognize that environmental problems have already caused huge economic losses, severe social conflicts, enormous health costs and increased "natural" disasters (such as dust storms, floods, droughts). [3]

Inhibitors:

• Alternative energy sources: China is increasingly looking to add add emission-free energy sources such as nuclear power and hydropower.[4]
  
• Increased participation in environmental treaties: Kyoto Protocol contains a provision that allows companies in developed countries to meet their emissions limits by investing in new, clean factories in developing countries. As a result in Kyoto's implementation, China take the chance of the huge investments and their business.[4]
  
• Government environmental initiatives: Recognizing the environmental challenges the country faces, the Chinese government is hoping to build an environmentally-friendly society, and has set very ambitious environmental goals. By 2020, China plans to significantly improve environmental quality and ecological conditions. Still, China's economic goal is to double its GDP by 2020, and we've seen from the past two decades that economic goals tend to be well surpassed while environmental goals are left largely unattended to. (PBS, 2006)
• Increased public awareness: Public awareness for the environment has improved and China has been pushing hard for cleaner production and sustainable development.
• Adoption of green accounting: China is also designing and adopting a green accounting system that includes environmental costs in the calculation of gross domestic product (or Green GDP).
• Slowed economic growth: The global recession has caused the Chinese economy to slow down as the world's demand for its exports decrease. This slowed economic growth could slow down environmental degradation caused by export production activities.

Paradigms:

The government official stressed that China does not yet regularly monitor and report some important classes of pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and air toxics. He called attention to the country’s increasing desertification problem and said that China’s deserts and desertified areas cover 2.42 million square kilometers, with an annual expansion of more than 3,000 km2. More than 90% of usable natural grasslands in China, a total area of 135 million hectares, suffered varying degrees of degradation last year. China has managed to bring some sources of pollution, particularly coal smoke from power plants and industrial boilers, fairly well under control in areas such as Beijing and Shanghai. And, China has to meet the Kyoto Protocol that requires companies in developed countries to meet their emissions limits by investing in new, clean factories in developing countries.

• The World Bank estimates that environmental degradation costs China between 8 percent and 12 percent of its Gross Domestic Product(GDP).
  

• Chinese planners worry that environmental degradation ultimately will serve as a source of social instability.China’s accelerating reliance on coal carries other costs, too. Coal mining causes extremely high mortality rates among Chinese miners. More than 4,000 were killed in the first nine months of 2004, making the nation’s mining industry the world’s most dangerous.
  

• China produces about 13 percent of the world’s total CO2, making it the second largest emitter after the United States, which accounts for close to one-quarter of the world’s total.
  

• In 2004, Chinese demand grew by 850,000 barrels per day and was the largest contributor to the surge in the world’s consumption. Crude oil prices have nearly doubled in the past two years as the strong growth in consumption has made it hard for the industry to keep up. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) lifted its output to a 25-year high last year in a bid to put as much oil on the market as possible and meet a surge in demand that few had anticipated. Yet, crude oil prices remained persistently high.
  

Experts:

• http://www.zhb.gov.cn/english
  
• http://www.cleanairnet.org
  
• International Energy Agency(IEA)
  

Timing:

• 1997 - Adopted Kyoto Protocol.
• 2005 - Kyoto Protocol went into effect.
• 2012 - The first phase of Kyoto's implementation which runs through 2012.
  

Web Resources:

1. Liu, J. & Diamond, J.. (2005). China's Place in the World: Environmental Impact of a Giant.
2. “China Country Analysis Briefs 2004,” http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/china.html.
   
3. PBS. (2006). China's Environmental Future.
4. “Domestic Oil and Gas Production: Pursuing a Principled Approach,” http://www.ppionline.org.